Algorithms Trained on Normal Chest X-rays Can Predict Health Insurance Types

This research demonstrates that machine learning algorithms trained solely on normal chest X-rays can inadvertently learn to predict a patient’s health insurance type. The findings highlight critical fairness concerns and potential hidden biases within medical artificial intelligence systems.

Recommended citation: Chen, C.-Y., Abulibdeh, R., Asgari, A., Ordóñez, S. A. C., Celi, L. A., Goode, D., ... & Seyyed-Kalantari, L. (2025). "Algorithms Trained on Normal Chest X-rays Can Predict Health Insurance Types." arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.11030.
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